According to the NIH, proposed pioneering work must be high-impact and “reflect ideas that are substantially different” from the researcher’s current program.  Kwong’s lab has been focused on engineering synthetic sensors until now. With this project, he’s shifting to reengineering living cells.

“For years, we’ve been designing ultra-sensitive sensors to detect cancer or the response to immunotherapy drugs. They function as sentinels and report on sites of disease by producing a signal that can be detected from a biofluid such as urine,” he said. “They’ve been inorganic probes that don’t have a memory or know how to think. Our goal is to develop a living sensor — immune cells that can traffic through the body and act as a long-lived pool of sentinels.”

Kwong is driven by the potential threat of cancer dormancy. Many cells leave the primary tumor and enter the body’s circulation. Called circulation tumor cells, or CTCs, they are typically short-lived and don’t lead to metastasis. Sometimes, however, a few of these cells may find their way to a distant organ and hide there, despite seemingly successful cancer treatment. These cells can wait for years, or even decades, before reawakening. So, patients with no evidence of disease could harbor dormant cancer and remain at risk of metastatic relapse for the rest of their lives.

“Currently, there is no good way to monitor these dormant cells or their reawakening,” Kwong said. “But we are living in an entirely new era of medicine and cancer immunotherapy where we can design T cells as living medicines. We see this as an opportunity to not only build a future where immune cells are engineered as therapies, but also as living sensors.”

The idea is to use the same T cells that are grafted into a patient as cancer-fighters as lifelong sensors that are continuously on the lookout for future disease.

“Once we figure out how to engineer these cells, we’ll likely transition to a phase where we’re talking more about earlier detection and preventative medicine,” Kwong said. “Our new drugs are already working much, much better than before. Imagine if we can keep the cancer from coming back for years and years and intervene at the earliest stages of recurrence. That’s the high reward.”