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Biopsies

A T cell, here in purple, makes contact with a transplant organ cell, here in reddish brown. The T cell secretes the enzyme granzyme B, here in gray, which attacks the organ cell. But granzyme B also severs fluorescent signal molecules, in green, from the rejection detecting nanoparticle, in light pink. The signal molecules make their way into the urine, where they give off a fluorescent cue. Georgia Tech / EllaMaru Studio (work for hire, all rights GT, free for distribution).
Urine Test Detects Organ Transplant Rejection, Could Replace Needle Biopsies

New nanoparticle makes urine glow as soon as T cells initiate an attack on transplanted organs
With kidney and liver transplant patients in mind, Emory and Georgia Tech researchers are exploring non-invasive imaging for the detection of immune rejection. With "immunoPET," they can see particular types of immune cells infiltrating a transplanted organ.
NIAID supports transplant imaging research at Georgia Tech and Emory

Researchers are exploring non-invasive imaging for the detection of immune rejection.